Sub-acute study of different processing methods of Momordica charantia leaf extract on healthy albino rats: Body chemistry, oxidative stress and histology study Different preparations of M. charantia and its safety …
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Abstract
Safety evaluation of medicinal plant extracts after preparation and before consumption is paramount. In this study, Momordica charantia leaf extracts were prepared using different processing techniques and the safety of each extract was evaluated in experimental rats. Preparation methods include fresh preparation of M. charantia (FPMC), parboiled M. charantia (PBMC) and air-dried M. charantia (ADMC). A total of 50 male rats were administered doses of FPMC, PBMC and ADMC. After 21 days of administration, animals were sacrificed, and samples were obtained for biochemical analysis. Findings revealed progressive increase in rat’s body weight with highest percentage increase of 23.45 ± 2.01% and 22.69 ± 3.33% observed in rats that were administered 100 mg.kg-1 of PBMC and ADMC. Except for significant increase that was observed in AST across tested animals, other hepatic markers were not affected. Only PBMC and FPMC caused significant increase in kidney function parameters. With the exception of PBMC that demonstrated poor lipoprotein activities, there was significant (p<0.05) decrease in triglyceride across tested doses. While there are improvements in liver antioxidants, high doses of extracts caused noticeable changes in organs architecture. Conclusively, the administration of FPMC, PBMC and ADMC does not elicit any adverse effects in experimental animals at low doses.
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Damiati S.A. Pilot study to assess kidney functions and toxic dimethyl-arginines as risk biomarkers in women with low vitamin D levels. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 2019, 38(2): 145-152. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6411003/
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Husna R.N., Noriham A., Nooraain H., Azizah A.H., Amna O.F. Acute Oral Toxicity Effects of Momordica Charantia in Sprague Dawley Rats. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2013, 3(4): 408-410. Available at: https://www.ijbbb.org/papers/244-S010.pdf
Kubola J., Siriamornpun S. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chemistry, 2008, 110(4): 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.076
Liu W.J.H. Introduction to Traditional Herbal Medicines and Their Study. Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Methods, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. 2011, pp. 303-342. Available at: http://www.t27.ir/Files/121/Library/8c576dbd-8962-4a05-a077-45f409acda0d.pdf
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Loya A.M., Gonzalez-Stuart A., Rivera J.O. Prevalence of polypharmacy, polyherbacy, nutritional supplement uses and potential product interactions among older adults living on the United States-Mexico border: A descriptive, questionnaire-based study. Drugs Aging, 2009, 26(8): 423-436. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200926050-00006
Manjula C.H., Ammani K. Phytochemical analysis and pharmacological importance of Sophora interrupta leaves. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2012, 3(4): 1798-1804. Available at: https://ijpbs.com/download.php?file=ijpbsadmin/upload/ijpbs_5c31e5a7d0e7e.pdf&iid=1413
Marr K.L., Mei X.Y., Bhattarai N. Allozyme, morphological and nutritional analysis bearing on the domestication of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) from China, Laos, and Nepal. Economic Botany, 2004, 58(9): 435-455. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0435:AMANAB]2.0.CO;2
Misra H.P., Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1972, 247(10): 3170-3175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9
Ng Z.X., Chai J.W., Kuppusamy U.R. Customized cooking method improves total antioxidant activity in selected vegetables, International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 2011, 62(2): 158-163, https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2010.526931
Nyman M. Serum haptoglobin. Methodological and clinical studies. Scandinavian Journal Clinical Laboratory and Investigation, 1959, 11(Supp 39): 1-169.
Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by Thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 1979, 95(2): 351-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
Olaniyan J.M., Muhammad H.L., Makun H.A., Busari M.B., Abdullah A.S. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of aqueous and methanol extracts of Nelsonia campestris in rats. Journal of Acute Disease, 2016, 5(1): 62-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.006
Oso B.J., Oyewo E.B., Oladiji A.T. Influence of ethanolic extracts of dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich on haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy Wistar rats. Clinical Phytoscience, 2019, 5(2): 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0104-4
Oyelere S.F., Ajayi O.H., Ayoade T.E., Pereira G.B.S., Owoyemi B.C.D., Ilesanmi A.O., Akinyemi O.A. A detailed review on the phytochemical profiles and anti-diabetic mechanisms of Momordica charantia. Heliyon, 2022, 8(4): e09253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09253
Patil S.A., Patil S.B. Toxicological studies of Momordica charantia Linn. seed extracts in male mice. International Journal Morphology, 2011, 29(4): 1212-1218. Available at: https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v29n4/art24.pdf
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Edition, Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, 2006, pp. 151-153, 209-214. ISBN: 9789782462190
Tan P.V., Mezui C., Enow-Orock G., Njikam N., Dimo T., Bitolog P. Teratogenic effects, acute and sub chronic toxicity of the leaf aqueous extract of Ocimum suave Wild (Lamiaceae) in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008, 115(2): 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.022
Wachtel-Galor S., Benzie I.F.F. Chapter 1. Herbal Medicine: An Introduction to its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs. In: Benzle, I.F.F. & Wachtel-Galor S. (eds.). Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, 2011, pp. 1-10. E-Book ISBN: 978-1-4398-0819-1. Available at: https://www.google.bg/books/edition/Herbal_Medicine/7WDgesSflScC?hl=bg&gbpv=1&dq=%22Biomolecular+and+Clinical+Aspects.%22&printsec=frontcover
Wang X., Zhang W., Wang Y., Peng D., Ihsan A., Huang X., Liu Z., Dai M., Zhou, W., Yuan, Z.-H. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicological evaluations of quinocetone in Wistar rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2010, 58(3): 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.008
World Health Organization (WHO). National Policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines, Geneva: Report of WHO global survey, 2005. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43229/9241593237.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines on good herbal processing practices for herbal medicines. WHO technical report series, 2018 No. 1010. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/medicines/norms-and-standards/guidelines/production/trs1010-annex1-herbal-processing.pdf?sfvrsn=80b60ae5_0
Wu, A.H.B. Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory tests. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB. Saunders; 2006, pp. 268-273, ISBN: 9781437719871, ISBN: 1437719872
Zhang J., Wider B., Shang H., Li X., Ernst E. Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2012, 20(1-2): 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004
Adetuyi F.O., Akintimehin E.S., Karigidi K.O., Toxicological assessments of aqueous extract of UV‑C irradiated Bacopa floribunda leaves in healthy male albino rat. Vegetos, 2023, 37(3): 818-827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-023-00616-2
Akintimehin E.S., Karigidi K.O., Omogunwa T.S., Adetuyi F.O. Safety assessment of oral administration of ethanol extract of Justicia carnea leaf in healthy wistar rats: hematology, antioxidative and histology studies. Clinical Phytoscience, 2021, 7(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00234-4
Akintimehin E.S., Onoagbe I.O. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Triumfetta rhomboidea (Tiliaceae) leaf in healthy albino rats. Vegetos, 2024, 37(10): 2532-2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-023-00762-7
Akintimehin E.S, Karigidi K.O, Didunyemi M.O, Adetuyi F.T. Comparative bioactive constituents, radical scavenging, and antidiabetic properties of fresh, boiled and airdried Momordica charantia leaves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, India Section B: Biological Science, 2024, 94(11): 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-024-01648-7
Al-Mammary M., Al-Habori M., Al-Aghbari A.M., Baker M.M. Investigation into the toxicological effects of Catha edulis leaves: a short-term study in animals. Phytotherapeutic Research, 2002, 16(2): 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.835
Arias-Rico J., Macías-León F.J., Alanís-García E., Cruz-Cansino N.S., Jaramillo-Morales O.A. Study of edible plants: Effects of boiling on nutritional, antioxidant, and physicochemical properties. Foods, 2020, 9(5): 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050599
Chanda S., Parekh J., Vaghasiya Y., Dave R., Baravalia Y., Nair R. Medicinal plants - from traditional use to toxicity assessment: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research, 2015, 6(7): 2652-2670. Available at: https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/medicinal-plants-from-traditional-use-to-toxicity-assessment-a-review/
Chung W.Y., Jadhav S., Hsu P-K., Kuan C-M. Evaluation of acute and sub-chronic toxicity of bitter melon seed extract in Wistar rats. Toxicological Reports, 2022, 9(4): 1024-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.024
Cohen G., Dembiec D., Marcus J. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Analytical Biochemistry, 1970, 34(1): 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90083-7
Cohen P.A., Ernst E. Safety of herbal supplements: A guide for cardiologists. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 2010, 28(4): 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00193.x
Damiati S.A. Pilot study to assess kidney functions and toxic dimethyl-arginines as risk biomarkers in women with low vitamin D levels. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 2019, 38(2): 145-152. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6411003/
Ellman G.L. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1959, 82(1): 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
Gounden V., Bhatt H., Jialal I. Renal Function Tests. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. 2022 Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/
Hafez R.M., Abdel-Rahman T.M., Naguib R.M. Uric acid in plants and microorganisms: Biological applications and genetics - A review. Journal of Advance Research, 2017, 8: 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.05.003
Husna R.N., Noriham A., Nooraain H., Azizah A.H., Amna O.F. Acute Oral Toxicity Effects of Momordica Charantia in Sprague Dawley Rats. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2013, 3(4): 408-410. Available at: https://www.ijbbb.org/papers/244-S010.pdf
Kubola J., Siriamornpun S. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chemistry, 2008, 110(4): 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.076
Liu W.J.H. Introduction to Traditional Herbal Medicines and Their Study. Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Methods, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. 2011, pp. 303-342. Available at: http://www.t27.ir/Files/121/Library/8c576dbd-8962-4a05-a077-45f409acda0d.pdf
López-García G., Baeza-Jiménez R., Garcia-Galindo H.S., Dublán-García O., Lopez-Martinez L.X. Cooking treatments effect on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of quintonil (Amaranthus hybridus) harvested in spring and fall seasons, CyTA - Journal of Food, 2018, 16(1): 707-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2018.1475422
Loya A.M., Gonzalez-Stuart A., Rivera J.O. Prevalence of polypharmacy, polyherbacy, nutritional supplement uses and potential product interactions among older adults living on the United States-Mexico border: A descriptive, questionnaire-based study. Drugs Aging, 2009, 26(8): 423-436. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200926050-00006
Manjula C.H., Ammani K. Phytochemical analysis and pharmacological importance of Sophora interrupta leaves. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2012, 3(4): 1798-1804. Available at: https://ijpbs.com/download.php?file=ijpbsadmin/upload/ijpbs_5c31e5a7d0e7e.pdf&iid=1413
Marr K.L., Mei X.Y., Bhattarai N. Allozyme, morphological and nutritional analysis bearing on the domestication of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) from China, Laos, and Nepal. Economic Botany, 2004, 58(9): 435-455. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0435:AMANAB]2.0.CO;2
Misra H.P., Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1972, 247(10): 3170-3175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9
Ng Z.X., Chai J.W., Kuppusamy U.R. Customized cooking method improves total antioxidant activity in selected vegetables, International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 2011, 62(2): 158-163, https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2010.526931
Nyman M. Serum haptoglobin. Methodological and clinical studies. Scandinavian Journal Clinical Laboratory and Investigation, 1959, 11(Supp 39): 1-169.
Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by Thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 1979, 95(2): 351-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
Olaniyan J.M., Muhammad H.L., Makun H.A., Busari M.B., Abdullah A.S. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of aqueous and methanol extracts of Nelsonia campestris in rats. Journal of Acute Disease, 2016, 5(1): 62-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.006
Oso B.J., Oyewo E.B., Oladiji A.T. Influence of ethanolic extracts of dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich on haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy Wistar rats. Clinical Phytoscience, 2019, 5(2): 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0104-4
Oyelere S.F., Ajayi O.H., Ayoade T.E., Pereira G.B.S., Owoyemi B.C.D., Ilesanmi A.O., Akinyemi O.A. A detailed review on the phytochemical profiles and anti-diabetic mechanisms of Momordica charantia. Heliyon, 2022, 8(4): e09253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09253
Patil S.A., Patil S.B. Toxicological studies of Momordica charantia Linn. seed extracts in male mice. International Journal Morphology, 2011, 29(4): 1212-1218. Available at: https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v29n4/art24.pdf
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Edition, Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, 2006, pp. 151-153, 209-214. ISBN: 9789782462190
Tan P.V., Mezui C., Enow-Orock G., Njikam N., Dimo T., Bitolog P. Teratogenic effects, acute and sub chronic toxicity of the leaf aqueous extract of Ocimum suave Wild (Lamiaceae) in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008, 115(2): 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.022
Wachtel-Galor S., Benzie I.F.F. Chapter 1. Herbal Medicine: An Introduction to its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs. In: Benzle, I.F.F. & Wachtel-Galor S. (eds.). Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, 2011, pp. 1-10. E-Book ISBN: 978-1-4398-0819-1. Available at: https://www.google.bg/books/edition/Herbal_Medicine/7WDgesSflScC?hl=bg&gbpv=1&dq=%22Biomolecular+and+Clinical+Aspects.%22&printsec=frontcover
Wang X., Zhang W., Wang Y., Peng D., Ihsan A., Huang X., Liu Z., Dai M., Zhou, W., Yuan, Z.-H. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicological evaluations of quinocetone in Wistar rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2010, 58(3): 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.008
World Health Organization (WHO). National Policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines, Geneva: Report of WHO global survey, 2005. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43229/9241593237.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines on good herbal processing practices for herbal medicines. WHO technical report series, 2018 No. 1010. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/medicines/norms-and-standards/guidelines/production/trs1010-annex1-herbal-processing.pdf?sfvrsn=80b60ae5_0
Wu, A.H.B. Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory tests. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB. Saunders; 2006, pp. 268-273, ISBN: 9781437719871, ISBN: 1437719872
Zhang J., Wider B., Shang H., Li X., Ernst E. Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2012, 20(1-2): 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004
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How to Cite
AKINTIMEHIN, Emmanuel Sina et al.
Sub-acute study of different processing methods of Momordica charantia leaf extract on healthy albino rats: Body chemistry, oxidative stress and histology study.
Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 236-250, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2603-3380.
Available at: <https://www.ijfsab.com/index.php/fsab/article/view/430>. Date accessed: 14 jan. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2025.v8.i2.430.