Relation of the irrigation water’s metal content and geographical cultivation area of Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis growing in Northern Vietnam Relation of the irrigation water’s metal content and...
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Abstract
Metal content in irrigation water and in edible part of pakchoi harvested from Chuong My, Dan Phuong and Me Linh districts, which are the main vegetable growing area for Ha Noi market, was investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to observe the metal content in the edible part of pakchoi and in the irrigation water as principal component (PC) 1 and 2. Zn, Mn, and Ba were discovered as the key metals contributing to the identification of geographical origin of pakchoi. Samples from Chuong My had high Zn content (130.38±12.65 mg.kg-1 DW for edible parts and 92.48±10.10 mg.L-1 for irrigation water), samples from Dan Phuong were distinct for their high Mn content (99.44±8.11 mg.kg-1 DW for edible parts and 207.37±21.55 mg.L-1 for irrigation water), and samples from Me Linh stood out for their high Ba content (396.88±39.59 mg.kg-1 DW for edible parts and 138.88±17.35 mg.L-1 for irrigation water). The ratio of Ba: Mn of pakchoi’s edible parts and irrigation water also played an important role in helping identify the geographical origin of pakchoi. They supported the fact that the fertilization method of Dan Phuong and Chuong My was different from that of Me Linh district.
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Bakardzhiyski I., Mladenova E., Tagareva S. Examination of the transfer of certain elements that are of importance to human health and wine quality in bentonite-model solution system. Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, 2023, 6(1): 56-66. https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2023.v6.i1
Cao C., Liang B.Y., Yang Y., Ren D., Tang Q.H., Wang C.W., Li Z., Wang J. Temporal variations in absorption and translocation of heavy metal(loid)s in pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) under open-field and greenhouse cultivation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2024, 281(8): 116667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116667
Dang V.T., Nguyen G.K., Tran M.H.T., Tran N.T., Pham Q.X. Characteristics of mineralogical composition and heavy metals in vegetable cultivation land in the Van Noi - Tien Duong (Dong Anh) and Dai Thinh (Me Linh) areas, Ha Noi city. Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences, 2022, 63(3): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(3).01
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Ghosh D., Chattopadhyay P. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) as a sensory assessment tool for fermented food products. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2012, 49(3): 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0280-9
Hanson P., Yang R., Chang L., Ledesma L. , Ledesma D. Contents of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, minerals and total glucosinolates in leafy brassica pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. chinensis) as affected by season and variety. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2009, 89(5): 906-914. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3533
Inyinbor A.A., Bello O.S., Oluyori A.P., Inyinbor H.E., Fadiji A.E. Wastewater conservation and reuse in quality vegetable cultivation: Overview, challenges and future prospects. Food Control, 2019, 98(4): 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.008
Kalisz A., Kostrzewa J., Sekara A., Grabowska A., Cebula S. Yield and nutritional quality of several non-heading chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) cultivars with different growing period and its modelling. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 2012, 30(6): 650-656. https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.2012.12108
Khoshru B., Mitra D., Nosratabad A.F., Reyhanitabar A., Mandal L., Farda B., Djebaili R., Pellegrini M., Guerra-Sierra B.E., Senapati A., Panneerselvam P., Mohapatra P.K.D. Enhancing manganese availability for plants through microbial potential: a sustainable approach for improving soil health and food security. Bacteria, 2023, 2(3): 129-141. https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria2030010
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Madejón P. Barium. In: Heavy Metals in Soils. Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability. Third Eddition. (B.J. Alloway Ed.). Springer Science & Business Media, Springer. 2012, pp. 507-514, Hardcover Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4469-1; Softcover Print ISBN: 978-94-017-8391-0] eBook ISBN: 978-94-007-4470-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007
Mazarakioti E.C., Zotos A., Thomatou A.A., Kontogeorgos A., Patakas A., Ladavos A. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP - MS), a useful tool in authenticity of agricultural products' and foods' origin. Foods, 2022, 11(22): 3705. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223705
Monteiro F.A., Nogueirol R.C., Melo L.C.A., Artur A.G., Rocha F. Effect of Barium on Growth and Macronutrient Nutrition in Tanzania Guineagrass Grown in Nutrient Solution. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2011, 42(13): 1510-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.581725
Noman A., Aqeel M., Khalid N., Islam W., Sanaullah T., Anwar M., Khan S., Ye W., Lou Y. Zinc finger protein transcription factors: Integrated line of action for plant antimicrobial activity. Microbiology and Pathology, 2019, 132(7): 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.042
O'Sullivan J.N., Asher C.J., Blarney F.P.C. Managing Sweet Potato Nutrition. In: Nutrient Disorders of Sweet Potato. ACIAR Monograph No 48, Issue13. (J.N. O'Sullivan, C.J. Asher, F.P.C Blarney Eds.).Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). 1997, рр. 13–20, Print ISBN: 1-86320-210-2 http://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.117165
Rashed M.H., Hoque T.S., Jahangir M.M.R., Hashem M.A. Manganese as a micronutrient in agriculture: crop requirement and management. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, 2021, 12(1-2): 225-242. https://doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.52040
Rattan R. K., Datta S.P., Chhonkar P.K., Suribabu K., Singh A.K. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater – a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2005, 109(3-4): 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025
Rodionova O.Y., Oliveri P., Malegori C., Pomerantsev A.L. Chemometrics as an efficient tool for food authentication: Golden pillars for building reliable models. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2024, 147(5): 104429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104429
Singh P.K., Deshbhratar P.B., Ramteke D.S. Effects of sewage wastewater irrigation on soil properties, crop yield and environment. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 103(1): 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.10.022
Smith S.R. A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environment International, 2009, 35(1): 142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009
Sturikova H., Krystofova O., Huska D., Adam V. Zinc, zinc nanoparticles and plants. Journal of Hazard Materials, 2018, 349(5): 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.040
Thomine S., Merlot S. Manganese matters: Feeding manganese into the secretory system for cell wall synthesis. New Phytologist, 2021, 231(6): 2107-2109. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17545
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How to Cite
THE VINH, Mac; NGOC MINH, Truong; MINH TU, Nguyen Thi.
Relation of the irrigation water’s metal content and geographical cultivation area of Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis growing in Northern Vietnam.
Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 226-235, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2603-3380.
Available at: <https://www.ijfsab.com/index.php/fsab/article/view/426>. Date accessed: 18 feb. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2025.v8.i2.426.