Newly isolated wood-decay mushroom Inonotus hispidus – modeling of growth kinetics and utilization of plant-derived waste materials Newly isolated wood-decay mushroom Inonotus hispidus
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Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the growth kinetics of Inonotus hispidus GA4B, a newly isolated wood-decay mushroom from Bulgaria, under in vitro cultivation, as well as its ability to utilize plant-derived waste materials as complex growth media. Using logistic and reversed autocatalytic growth models, the effects of nine media were assessed, identifying the binary medium SDLSWB as the most effective for promoting fungal growth (µmax = 0.480 ± 0.019 d⁻¹), though further optimization is needed to improve substrate efficiency. Similar growth potential was observed with WSWB and HERFWB media. Based on the kinetic analysis, it can be concluded that the optimal cultivation temperature for I. hispidus on SDLSWB medium is 28℃. A fourth-order polynomial model of the pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation enabled accurate predictions of µmax across a 19 – 31℃ range, with strong agreement between theoretical and experimental results. Additionally, pH 5.5 was identified as optimal, and a pH-dependent kinetic model successfully predicted µmax values between pH 5.0 and 7.5. Overall, the findings provide a solid foundation for future research aimed at optimizing the use of various plant-derived waste materials as culture media for the growth of basidiomycete fungi.
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Shang Z., Li X., Li C., Wang B. Diverse secondary metabolites produced by marine‐derived fungus Nigrospora sp. MA75 on various culture media. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2012, 9(7): 1338-1348. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100216
Song F., Shen L., You J., Wang C., Cao X., Wang Q. Optimizing of the medium composition for mycelial growth of selenium-enriched Inonotus hispidus by response surface methodology. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2020, 41(15): 198-204. https://doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2020.15.031
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Xu X., Hu Y., Quan L. Production of bioactive polysaccharides by Inonotus obliquus under submerged fermentation supplemented with lignocellulosic biomass and their antioxidant activity. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2014, 37(12): 2483-2492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1226-1
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Zhang F., Xue F., Xu H., Yuan Y., Wu X., Zhang J., Fu J. Optimization of solid-state fermentation extraction of Inonotus hispidus fruiting body melanin. Foods, 2021, 10(12): 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10122893
Zhang R.Q., Feng X.L., Wang Z.X., Xie T.C., Duan Y., Liu C., Gao J.M., Qi J. Genomic and metabolomic analyses of the medicinal fungus Inonotus hispidus for its metabolite's biosynthesis and medicinal application. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, 8(12): 1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121245
Akinyele B., Adetuyi F. Effect of agrowastes, pH and temperature variation on the growth of Volvariella volvacea. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2005, 4(12): 1390-1395. Available at: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/71438
Angelova G., Brazkova M., Stefanova P., Blazheva D., Vladev V., Petkova N., Slavov A., Denev P., Karashanova D., Zaharieva R., Enev A., Krastanov A. Waste rose flower and lavender straw biomass—an innovative lignocellulose feedstock for mycelium bio-materials development using newly isolated Ganoderma resinaceum GA1M. Journal of Fungi, 2021, 7(10): 866 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100866
Basu S., Bose C., Ojha N., Das N., Das J., Pal M., Khurana S. Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media. Bioinformation, 2015, 11(4): 182-184. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630011182
Bower J.A. Statistics for food science V: ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Part B). Nutrition & Food Science, 1998, 98(1): 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/00346659810196309
Chan L.G., Cohen J.L., de Moura Bell J.M.L.N. Conversion of agricultural streams and food-processing by-products to value-added compounds using filamentous fungi. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2018, 9(3): 503-523. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012626
Choi M., Al-Zahrani S.M., Lee S.Y. Kinetic model-based feed-forward controlled fed-batch fermentation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus for the production of lactic acid from Arabic date juice. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2014, 37(6): 1007-1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-013-1071-7
Choi S.J., Kim S.J. Physiological characteristics and optimized culture condition of the mycelia of Inonotus mikadoi. Korean Journal of Microbiology, 2004, 40(2): 100-103. [In Korean] Available at: https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200411922358445.pdf
Ganeva Z., Goranov, B., Brazkova M., Blazheva D., Baldzhieva R., Stefanova P., Slavov A., Denkova-Kostova R., Bozhkov S., Angelova G. Agro-industrial residues as cost-effective and sustainable substrates for the cultivation of Epicoccum nigrum, with insights into growth kinetic characteristics and biological activities. Applied Sciences, 2025, 15(19): 10571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910571
Gbolagade J., Fasidi I., Ajayi E., Sobowale A. Effect of physico-chemical factors and semi-synthetic media on vegetative growth of Lentinus subnudus (Berk.), an edible mushroom from Nigeria. Food Chemistry, 2006, 99(4): 742-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.052
Geissdoerfer M., Savaget P., Bocken N.M.P., Hultink, E.J. The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 143(2): 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
Gorai B., Sharma R. Determination of optimum temperature and pH for mycelial growth of Pleurotus spp. strains. International Journal of Microbiology Research, 2018, 10(6): 1287-1289. http://doi.org/10.9735/0975-5276.10.6.1287-1289
Ibarz A., Augusto P.E. An autocatalytic kinetic model for describing microbial growth during fermentation. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2015, 38(7): 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1256-8
Karimi S., Mahboobi Soofiani N., Mahboubi A., Taherzadeh M.J. Use of organic wastes and industrial by-products to produce filamentous fungi with potential as aqua-feed ingredients. Sustainability, 2018, 10(9): 3296. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093296
Kemmer G., Keller S. Nonlinear least-squares data fitting in Excel spreadsheets. Nature Protocols, 2010, 5(2): 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.182
Khatun S., Islam A., Cakilcioglu U., Chatterjee N.C. Research on mushroom as a potential source of nutraceuticals: A review on Indian perspective. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2021, 2(1): 47-73. Available at: http://britishagroproducts.com/pdf/Mushroom as Potential source of Nutraceuticals.pdf
Li N., Wang S., Wang T., Liu R., Zhi Z., Wu T., Sui W., Zhang M. Valorization of wheat bran by three fungi solid-state fermentation: Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and flavor characteristics. Foods, 2022, 11(12): 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121722
Liu J., Cui W., Qi Z., Wu L., Zhou W. Plant-derived waste as a component of growing media: manifestations, assessments, and sources of their phytotoxicity. Plants, 2024, 13(14): 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142000
Petre A., Ene M., Vamanu E. Submerged cultivation of Inonotus obliquus mycelium using statistical design of experiments and mathematical modeling to increase biomass yield. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(9): 4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094104
Sandargo B., Chepkirui C., Cheng T., Chaverra-Muñoz L., Thongbai B., Stadler M., Hüttel S. Biological and chemical diversity go hand in hand: Basidiomycota as source of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Biotechnology Advances, 2019, 37(6): 107344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.011
Shang Z., Li X., Li C., Wang B. Diverse secondary metabolites produced by marine‐derived fungus Nigrospora sp. MA75 on various culture media. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2012, 9(7): 1338-1348. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100216
Song F., Shen L., You J., Wang C., Cao X., Wang Q. Optimizing of the medium composition for mycelial growth of selenium-enriched Inonotus hispidus by response surface methodology. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2020, 41(15): 198-204. https://doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2020.15.031
Stefanova P., Brazkova M., Angelova G. Comparative study of DNA extraction methods for identification of medicinal mushrooms. BIO Web of Conferences, 2022, 45(2): 02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224502007
Temesgen T. Application of mushroom as food and medicine. Advances in Biotechnology & Microbiology, 2018, 11(4): 555817. https://doi.org/10.19080/aibm.2018.11.555817
Wang, Z.X., Feng X.L., Liu C., Gao J.M., Qi J. Diverse metabolites and pharmacological effects from the Basidiomycetes Inonotus hispidus. Antibiotics 2022, 11(11): 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081097
Webster J., Weber R. Basidiomycota. In: introduction to fungi (3rd Edition). Cambridge University Press & Assessment 978-0-521-01483-0. 2007, pp. 487–513, Print ISBN: 13 978-0-521-01483-0, eBook ISBN: 13 978-0-511-27783-2. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809026
Xu X., Hu Y., Quan L. Production of bioactive polysaccharides by Inonotus obliquus under submerged fermentation supplemented with lignocellulosic biomass and their antioxidant activity. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2014, 37(12): 2483-2492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1226-1
Zan L.F., Qin J.C., Zhang Y.M., Yao Y.H., Bao H.Y., Li X. Antioxidant hispidin derivatives from medicinal mushroom Inonotus hispidus. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011, 59(6): 770-772. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.59.770
Zhang F., Xue F., Xu H., Yuan Y., Wu X., Zhang J., Fu J. Optimization of solid-state fermentation extraction of Inonotus hispidus fruiting body melanin. Foods, 2021, 10(12): 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10122893
Zhang R.Q., Feng X.L., Wang Z.X., Xie T.C., Duan Y., Liu C., Gao J.M., Qi J. Genomic and metabolomic analyses of the medicinal fungus Inonotus hispidus for its metabolite's biosynthesis and medicinal application. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, 8(12): 1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121245
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How to Cite
STEFANOVA, Petya et al.
Newly isolated wood-decay mushroom Inonotus hispidus – modeling of growth kinetics and utilization of plant-derived waste materials.
Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 160-172, mar. 2026.
ISSN 2603-3380.
Available at: <https://www.ijfsab.com/index.php/fsab/article/view/546>. Date accessed: 19 may 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2026.v9.i1.546.