Sustainable valorization of endemic Garcinia species namely Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia morella and Garcinia xanthochymus of Bodoland Territorial Regions of Assam, India: physicochemical and biofunctional characterization Sustainable valorization of endemic Garcinia species
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Abstract
The Garcinia genus is considered an underutilized variety and is recognized as a valuable dietary source of phytochemical compounds with various health benefits. The physicochemical analysis of the fruits revealed that they are generally globular in shape but vary in size and are highly acidic, with GP (Garcinia pedunculata) exhibiting the highest TTA% at 5.79 ± 0.09. Key minerals detected include magnesium, iron, and calcium, with calcium being the most abundant across all species. The highest phenolic content was determined in GP (6.55 ± 0.27 mg. GAE. g-1), while the highest flavonoid content was analyzed in GX (Garcinia xanthochymus) (34.99 ± 0.51 mg. QE. g-1). GM (Garcinia morella) showed the highest DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities and demonstrated the lowest IC50 values for these assays. Hydroxycitric acid content was highest in GM (472.88 ± 4.78 mg. g-1) among the three species. Antimicrobial assays revealed inhibition zones against both bacterial and fungal strains. These findings confirm that Garcinia fruit is a potent source of antioxidants and exhibits significant antimicrobial properties, which could be beneficial for the formulation of value-added products.
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Janardhanan S., Mahendra J., Girija A.S., Mahendra L., Priyadharsini V. Antimicrobial effects of Garcinia mangostana on cariogenic microorganisms. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research, 2017, 11(1): ZC19-ZC22. https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2017%2F22143.9160
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Kainama H., Fatmawati S., Santoso M., Papilaya P.M., Ersam T. The relationship of free radical scavenging and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Garcinia lasoar PAM. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 2020, 53(3): 1151-1157. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-020-02139-5
Kureshi A.A., Hussain T., Mirgal A., Salvi S.P., Barua P.C., Talukdar M., Beena C., Kar A., Zachariah T.J., Kumar S., Dhanani T, Singh R.R., Kumari P. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant properties of extracts of fruit rinds of Garcinia species by in vitro assays. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 2019, 76(2): 338-343. http://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2019.00053.7
Lim T.K. Garcinia atroviridis. In: Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer, Dordrecht, 2012, pp. 21-28. Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1763-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_3
Maheshwari J.K. Taxonomic studies on indian guttiferae i. the genus Calophyllum L. Nelumbo, 2024, 2(1-2): 139-148. https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v2/1960/76636
McDonald S., Prenzler P.D., Antolovich M., Robards K. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food chemistry, 2001, 73(1): 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00288-0
Negi P.S., Jayaprakasha G.K., Jena B.S. Antibacterial activity of the extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata against food borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2008, 41(10): 1857-1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2008.02.009
Nguyen N.H., Nguyen M.T., Nguyen H.D., Pham P.D., Thach U.D., Trinh B.T.D., Nguyen L.T.T., Dang S.V., Do A.T., Do B.H. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts from different Garcinia Species. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021(1): 5542938. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5542938
Niranjan M., Vaishnav V., Mankar P. In vitro analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Garcinia mangostana L.(pericarp) and Clitoria ternatea (flower). Pharma Innovation Journal, 2020, 9(3): 468-72. https://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi
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Parthsarathy U., Nandakishore O.P. A study on nutrient and medicinal compositions of selected Indian Garcinia species. Current Bioactive Compounds, 2014, 10(1): 55-61. http://doi.org/10.2174/157340721001140725001152
Prakash J., Sallaram S., Martin A., Veeranna R.P., Peddha M.S. Phytochemical and functional characterization of different parts of the Garcinia xanthochymus fruit. ACS omega, 2022, 7(24): 21172-21182. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01966
Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang M., Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 1999, 26(9-10): 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Sarma R., Das M., Mudoi T., Sharma K.K., Kotoky J., Devi R. Evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities of polyphenol-rich extracts of dried pulp of Garcinia pedunculata roxb. and Garcinia morella gaertn. (clusiaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 15(1): 133-140. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i1.19
Sharma P.B., Handique P.J., Devi H.S. Antioxidant properties, physico-chemical characteristics and proximate composition of five wild fruits of Manipur, India. Journal of food science and technology, 2015, 52: 894-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1128-2
Wairata J., Fadlan A., Purnomo A. S., Taher M., Ersam T. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of Garcinia forbesii King: A correlation study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 15(2): 103541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103541
Allisha O.N., Zaulia O., Shukri M.M., Suriani M.N., Syafini G.N., Azhar M.N., Khdijah R, Razali A.R., Azhar R.M., Izzati M.N., Raihan A.S. Development of Garcinia atroviridis (Asam Gelugur) during fruit growth. Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science, 2020, 73(1): 12-20. https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.73.1.1220
Altamim E.A. Full profiling of the orange by-products and their potential effects with chromium on obesity complications in rats. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2023, 66(1): 509-519. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2023.176415.7221
Amer A.M. Antimicrobial effects of Egyptian local chicory, Cichorium endivia subsp. pumilum. International Journal of Microbiology, 2018, 1(11): 6475072. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6475072
AOAC Official Method 2000, 942.15. Acidity (titrable) of fruit products. Gaithersburg, MD, USA, AOAC International, 17th edition, 2000.
AOAC Official Method 1990, 975.03. Metals in plants, Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Washington DC, USA, AOAC International, 15th edition, 2000.
Bhattacharjee S., Ramakrishnan E., Deb P.K., Sarma P.P., Choudhury D., Kabilan S., Devi R. Influence of drying condition on nutritional and chemical profile of Garcinia pedunculata roxb. fruit. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2023, 19(2): 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731296231158433
Biemer J.J. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 1973, 3(2): 135-140. Available at: http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/3/2/135.full.pdf
Brahma J., Islary A., Ray S. Traditional importance and unique properties of Garcinia spp. found in Assam, India. Pharma Innovation Journal, 2022, 11(3): 10-17. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi
Brahma J., Islary A., Ray S. Nutritional evaluation and GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in methanol extracts of dried fruit pericarp of Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. Journal of Food Technology Research, 2024, 11(2): 27-37. https://doi.org/10.18488/jftr.v11i2.3702
Breijyeh Z., Jubeh B., Karaman R. Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. Molecules, 2020, 25(6): 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061340
Casuga F.P., Castillo A.L., Corpuz M.J.A.T. GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in different extracts of an endemic plant Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco)(Moraceae) leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2016, 6(11): 957-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.08.015
Chang C.C., Yang M.H., Wen H.M., Chern J.C. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of food and drug analysis, 2002, 10(3): 178-182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Cheel J., Theoduloz C., Rodríguez J., Schmeda-Hirschmann G. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2005, 53(7): 2511-2517. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0479766
Dutta D., Hazarika P., Hazarika P. Distribution and diversity of Garcinia L. in upper Brahmaputra valley Assam. International Journal of Current Research, 2017, 9(10): 59644-59655. https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.2017
Dutta P.P., Baruah P., Pathak B., Barman D., Devi D., Deka K., Dutta A.K., Borah J.C., Talukdar N.C. Quantitative analysis of Garcinol, HCA, HCA lactone, other organic acids, minerals, and antioxidant properties in fruits of eight Garcinia species prevalent in Assam. Annals of Multidisciplinary Research, Innovation and Technology, 2023, 2(1): 16-20. Available at: https://adtu.in/files/current_issue/vol2_issue1/vol2-issue1-article2.pdf
Gogoi B., Das R.P., Barua U., Boruah R. Ethno-botanical survey of Garcinia species of Assam. International Journal of Bio-Resource and Stress Management, 2016, 7(4 Spcl): 752-755. Available at: https://ojs.pphouse.org/index.php/IJBSM/article/view/961
Gonelimali F.D., Lin J., Miao W., Xuan J., Charles F., Chen M., Hatab S.R. Antimicrobial properties and mechanism of action of some plant extracts against food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Frontiers in microbiology, 2018, 9(7): 1639. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01639
Janardhanan S., Mahendra J., Girija A.S., Mahendra L., Priyadharsini V. Antimicrobial effects of Garcinia mangostana on cariogenic microorganisms. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research, 2017, 11(1): ZC19-ZC22. https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2017%2F22143.9160
Jayaprakasha G.K., Sakariah K.K. Determination of (−) hydroxycitric acid in commercial samples of Garcinia cambogia extract by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 2000, 23(6): 915-923. https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100101498
Jena B.S., Jayaprakasha G.K., Sakariah K.K. Organic acids from leaves, fruits, and rinds of Garcinia cowa. Journal of Agricultural and Food chemistry, 2002, 50(12): 3431-3434. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011627j
Kainama H., Fatmawati S., Santoso M., Papilaya P.M., Ersam T. The relationship of free radical scavenging and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Garcinia lasoar PAM. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 2020, 53(3): 1151-1157. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-020-02139-5
Kureshi A.A., Hussain T., Mirgal A., Salvi S.P., Barua P.C., Talukdar M., Beena C., Kar A., Zachariah T.J., Kumar S., Dhanani T, Singh R.R., Kumari P. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant properties of extracts of fruit rinds of Garcinia species by in vitro assays. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 2019, 76(2): 338-343. http://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2019.00053.7
Lim T.K. Garcinia atroviridis. In: Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer, Dordrecht, 2012, pp. 21-28. Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1763-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_3
Maheshwari J.K. Taxonomic studies on indian guttiferae i. the genus Calophyllum L. Nelumbo, 2024, 2(1-2): 139-148. https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v2/1960/76636
McDonald S., Prenzler P.D., Antolovich M., Robards K. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food chemistry, 2001, 73(1): 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00288-0
Negi P.S., Jayaprakasha G.K., Jena B.S. Antibacterial activity of the extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata against food borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2008, 41(10): 1857-1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2008.02.009
Nguyen N.H., Nguyen M.T., Nguyen H.D., Pham P.D., Thach U.D., Trinh B.T.D., Nguyen L.T.T., Dang S.V., Do A.T., Do B.H. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts from different Garcinia Species. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021(1): 5542938. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5542938
Niranjan M., Vaishnav V., Mankar P. In vitro analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Garcinia mangostana L.(pericarp) and Clitoria ternatea (flower). Pharma Innovation Journal, 2020, 9(3): 468-72. https://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi
Nishimwe G., Augustino S., Dahlin A.S., Niyitanga F. Characterization of yield and physico-chemical parameters of selected wild indigenous fruits in Rwanda. Resources, 2024, 13(7): 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070101
Parthsarathy U., Nandakishore O.P. A study on nutrient and medicinal compositions of selected Indian Garcinia species. Current Bioactive Compounds, 2014, 10(1): 55-61. http://doi.org/10.2174/157340721001140725001152
Prakash J., Sallaram S., Martin A., Veeranna R.P., Peddha M.S. Phytochemical and functional characterization of different parts of the Garcinia xanthochymus fruit. ACS omega, 2022, 7(24): 21172-21182. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01966
Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang M., Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 1999, 26(9-10): 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Sarma R., Das M., Mudoi T., Sharma K.K., Kotoky J., Devi R. Evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities of polyphenol-rich extracts of dried pulp of Garcinia pedunculata roxb. and Garcinia morella gaertn. (clusiaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 15(1): 133-140. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i1.19
Sharma P.B., Handique P.J., Devi H.S. Antioxidant properties, physico-chemical characteristics and proximate composition of five wild fruits of Manipur, India. Journal of food science and technology, 2015, 52: 894-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1128-2
Wairata J., Fadlan A., Purnomo A. S., Taher M., Ersam T. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of Garcinia forbesii King: A correlation study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 15(2): 103541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103541
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How to Cite
BRAHMA, Jonali et al.
Sustainable valorization of endemic Garcinia species namely Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia morella and Garcinia xanthochymus of Bodoland Territorial Regions of Assam, India: physicochemical and biofunctional characterization.
Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 75-88, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2603-3380.
Available at: <https://www.ijfsab.com/index.php/fsab/article/view/478>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2025.v8.i1.478.