Pharmacological properties of Raphanus sativus leaves and development of fermented beverage Pharmacological properties of Raphanus sativus leaves...
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Abstract
Primary goal of the present study was to develop viable food product especially, fermented food from Raphanus sativus leaves and to evaluate its pharmacological actions. They contains probiotics, including lactic acid bacteria, known for their diverse health-promoting benefits. Fermented beverage made using Lactobacillus species present in the gut, has many nutritional values as well as rich in probiotics when compared with the commercially available probiotic drinks and it helps in prevention and treatment of wide range of diseases and deficiencies. Hydro-alcoholic extract of R. sativus were tested for the antithrombotic activity and shows 62.99% clot lysis. Its anti-inflammatory activity against albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization was found to be 76.55% with IC50 of 57.85μg/ml and 68.46% with IC50 of 62.93μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activity by DPPH, H2O2, LPO and total reducing potential methods exhibited IC50 values 13.97, 49.40, 69.47 and 3.02% μg/ml respectively. Moreover, it has antimicrobial activity against wide range of microbes. Fermented beverage developed from R. sativus leaves using L. plantarum along with L. acidophilus was tested for micro and macro nutrients. The results of in vitro activities prove that leaves of R. sativus have therapeutic effects and act as a natural source of antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.
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References
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AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). AOAC Gaithersburg, MD, USA, AOAC International, 1990.
Baenas N., Piegholdt S., Schloesser A., Moreno D.A., García-Viguera C., Rimbach G., Wagner A.E. Metabolic activity of radish sprouts derived isothiocyanates in drosophila melanogaster. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2016, 17(2): 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020251
Beik A., Joukar S., Najafipour H. A review on plants and herbal components with antiarrhythmic activities and their interaction with current cardiac drugs. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2020, 10(3): 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.03.002
Bouarab-Chibane L., Forquet V., Lantéri P., Clément Y., Léonard-Akkari L., Oulahal N., Degraeve P., Bordes C. Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure - activity relationship) models. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 18(4): 829. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00829
Do M.H., Kim M., Choi S.Y., Lee P., Kim Y., Hur J. Wild radish (Raphanus sativus var. Hortensis f. raphanistroides) root extract protects neuronal cells by inhibiting microglial activation. Applied Biological Chemistry, 2021, 64(31): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00604-7
Germolec, D.R., Shipkowski, K.A., Frawley, R.P., Evans, E. Markers of Inflammation. In: Immunotoxicity Testing Methods and Protocols (J. DeWitt, C. Rockwell, C. Bowman Eds.), vol. 1803. Humana Press. 2018, pp. 57-79. Hardcover Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8548-7; Softdcover Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9322-2; e-Book Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8549-4; Series Print ISSN: 1064-3745; Series E-ISSN: 1940-6029. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_5
Goyeneche R., Roura S., Ponce A., Vega-Gálvez A., Quispe-Fuentes I., Uribe E., Di Scala K. Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and roots. Journal of Functional Foods, 2015, 16(6): 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.049
Gul H., Hussain A., Javaid F., Khan K.U., Basit A., Arafat M., Hussain F. Novel insights into the anti-asthmatic effect of Raphanus sativus L. (Raphani Semen): Targeting immune cells, inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress markers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2024, 325(5): 117851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.117851
Harun-Or-Rashid M., Akter S., Habiba U., Laboni F.R., Uddin J., Labu Z.K., Mim F., Reza M.S. Antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities of flowers of Mirabilis jalapa L: possible role of phenolics and flavonoids. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2023, 14(12): 100893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100893
Hernández-Sánchez L.Y., González-Trujano M.E., Moreno D.A., Vibrans H., Castillo-Juárez I., Dorazco-González A., Soto-Hernández M. Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of the Raphanus sativus L. sprouts in mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 162(6): 114579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114579
Kanter M. High-quality carbohydrates and physical performance: Expert panel report. Nutrition Today, 2018, 53(1): 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000238
Kim H.J., Park C.G., Varghese R., Lee J.Y., Kim Y., Sung G.H. In-vitro antioxidative, anti-inflammatory properties of Aurea helianthus leaf extract a Korean traditional medicinal plant. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2017, 24(8):1943-1947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.046
McFadyen J.D., Peter K. Novel antithrombotic drugs on the horizon: the ultimate promise to prevent clotting while avoiding bleeding. Circulation Research, 2017, 121(10): 1133-1135. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312012
Mizushima Y., Kobayashi M. Interaction of anti‐inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1968, 20(3):169-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09718.x
Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2004, 26(2): 211-219. Available at: https://sjst.psu.ac.th/article.php?art=214
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (1993) Performance standard for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests: approved standard M2-A5. Villanova, PA: NCCLS.
Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 1979, 95(2): 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
Osman N.I., Sidik N.J., Awal A., Adam N.A., Rezali N.I. In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 2016, 5(4): 343. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160731025522
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1986, 4(6):307-315. [In Japanese] https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
Peiris D.S., Fernando D.T., Senadeera S.P., Chandana A.K., Ranaweera C.B. Mirabilis jalapa Linn.: a folklore ayurvedic medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Asian Plant Research Journal, 2022, 10(2): 21-41. https://doi.org/10.9734/APRJ/2022/v10i2187
Pocasap P., Weerapreeyakul N., Tanthanuch W., Thumanu K. Sulforaphene in Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef increased in late-bolting stage as well as anticancer activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2017, 7(11): 998-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.022
Prasad S., Kashyap R.S., Deopujari J.Y., Purohit H.J., Taori G.M., Daginawala H.F. Development of an in vitro model to study clot lysis activity of thrombolytic drugs. Thrombosis Journal, 2006, 4(1): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-9560-4-14
Ruch R.J., Cheng S.J., Klaunig J.E. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis, 1989, 10(6): 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.6.1003
Sakat S., Juvekar A.R., Gambhire M.N. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2010, 2(1): 146-155.
Saleem T.M., Azeem A.K., Dilip C., Sankar C., Prasanth N.V., Duraisami R. Anti–inflammatory activity of the leaf extacts of Gendarussa vulgaris Nees. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011, 1(2): 147-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60014-2
Sham T.T., Yuen A.C., Ng Y.F., Chan C.O., Mok D.K., Chan S.W. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Raphani Semen. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 2013(1): 636194. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/636194
Siddiq A., Younus I. The radish Raphanus sativus L. Var. caudatus reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice. Metabolic Brain Disease, 2018, 33(8): 1255-1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0240-4
Singh D., Kumar A. Assessment of toxic interaction of nano zinc oxide and nano copper oxide on germination of Raphanus sativus seeds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019, 191(11): 703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7902-5
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. In: Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Africa (Second Edition) (UNESCO - Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Ed.). Spectrum Books Limited. 1993, рр. 97-145.
Surana A.R., Kumbhare M.R., Gunjal A.R., Goswami S.S., Ghuge D.M. Chemical characterization, thrombolytic and antioxidant activity of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves. Natural Product Research, 2022, 36(23): 6106-6110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2022.2051705
Thenmozhi V., Elango V., Sadique J. Anti-inflammatory activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Ancient Science of Life, 1989, 8(3-4): 258-261.Available at: https://journals.lww.com/asol/abstract/1989/08030/anti_inflamatory_activity_of_some_indian_medicinal.12.aspx
Uddin J., Islam M.N., Ali M.H., Khan S.A., Labu Z.K. Correlation of thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities with total flavonoid content aerial parts of Spondias pinnata. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 2016, 19(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v19i1.29238
Voidarou C., Antoniadou Μ., Rozos G., Tzora A., Skoufos I., Varzakas T., Lagiou A., Bezirtzoglou E. Fermentative foods: microbiology, biochemistry, potential human health benefits and public health issues. Foods, 2021, 10(1): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010069
World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. World Health Organization; 2013.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). AOAC Gaithersburg, MD, USA, AOAC International, 1990.
Baenas N., Piegholdt S., Schloesser A., Moreno D.A., García-Viguera C., Rimbach G., Wagner A.E. Metabolic activity of radish sprouts derived isothiocyanates in drosophila melanogaster. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2016, 17(2): 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020251
Beik A., Joukar S., Najafipour H. A review on plants and herbal components with antiarrhythmic activities and their interaction with current cardiac drugs. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2020, 10(3): 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.03.002
Bouarab-Chibane L., Forquet V., Lantéri P., Clément Y., Léonard-Akkari L., Oulahal N., Degraeve P., Bordes C. Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure - activity relationship) models. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 18(4): 829. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00829
Do M.H., Kim M., Choi S.Y., Lee P., Kim Y., Hur J. Wild radish (Raphanus sativus var. Hortensis f. raphanistroides) root extract protects neuronal cells by inhibiting microglial activation. Applied Biological Chemistry, 2021, 64(31): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00604-7
Germolec, D.R., Shipkowski, K.A., Frawley, R.P., Evans, E. Markers of Inflammation. In: Immunotoxicity Testing Methods and Protocols (J. DeWitt, C. Rockwell, C. Bowman Eds.), vol. 1803. Humana Press. 2018, pp. 57-79. Hardcover Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8548-7; Softdcover Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9322-2; e-Book Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8549-4; Series Print ISSN: 1064-3745; Series E-ISSN: 1940-6029. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_5
Goyeneche R., Roura S., Ponce A., Vega-Gálvez A., Quispe-Fuentes I., Uribe E., Di Scala K. Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and roots. Journal of Functional Foods, 2015, 16(6): 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.049
Gul H., Hussain A., Javaid F., Khan K.U., Basit A., Arafat M., Hussain F. Novel insights into the anti-asthmatic effect of Raphanus sativus L. (Raphani Semen): Targeting immune cells, inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress markers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2024, 325(5): 117851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.117851
Harun-Or-Rashid M., Akter S., Habiba U., Laboni F.R., Uddin J., Labu Z.K., Mim F., Reza M.S. Antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities of flowers of Mirabilis jalapa L: possible role of phenolics and flavonoids. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2023, 14(12): 100893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100893
Hernández-Sánchez L.Y., González-Trujano M.E., Moreno D.A., Vibrans H., Castillo-Juárez I., Dorazco-González A., Soto-Hernández M. Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of the Raphanus sativus L. sprouts in mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 162(6): 114579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114579
Kanter M. High-quality carbohydrates and physical performance: Expert panel report. Nutrition Today, 2018, 53(1): 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000238
Kim H.J., Park C.G., Varghese R., Lee J.Y., Kim Y., Sung G.H. In-vitro antioxidative, anti-inflammatory properties of Aurea helianthus leaf extract a Korean traditional medicinal plant. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2017, 24(8):1943-1947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.046
McFadyen J.D., Peter K. Novel antithrombotic drugs on the horizon: the ultimate promise to prevent clotting while avoiding bleeding. Circulation Research, 2017, 121(10): 1133-1135. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312012
Mizushima Y., Kobayashi M. Interaction of anti‐inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1968, 20(3):169-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09718.x
Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2004, 26(2): 211-219. Available at: https://sjst.psu.ac.th/article.php?art=214
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (1993) Performance standard for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests: approved standard M2-A5. Villanova, PA: NCCLS.
Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 1979, 95(2): 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
Osman N.I., Sidik N.J., Awal A., Adam N.A., Rezali N.I. In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 2016, 5(4): 343. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160731025522
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1986, 4(6):307-315. [In Japanese] https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
Peiris D.S., Fernando D.T., Senadeera S.P., Chandana A.K., Ranaweera C.B. Mirabilis jalapa Linn.: a folklore ayurvedic medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Asian Plant Research Journal, 2022, 10(2): 21-41. https://doi.org/10.9734/APRJ/2022/v10i2187
Pocasap P., Weerapreeyakul N., Tanthanuch W., Thumanu K. Sulforaphene in Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef increased in late-bolting stage as well as anticancer activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2017, 7(11): 998-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.022
Prasad S., Kashyap R.S., Deopujari J.Y., Purohit H.J., Taori G.M., Daginawala H.F. Development of an in vitro model to study clot lysis activity of thrombolytic drugs. Thrombosis Journal, 2006, 4(1): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-9560-4-14
Ruch R.J., Cheng S.J., Klaunig J.E. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis, 1989, 10(6): 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.6.1003
Sakat S., Juvekar A.R., Gambhire M.N. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2010, 2(1): 146-155.
Saleem T.M., Azeem A.K., Dilip C., Sankar C., Prasanth N.V., Duraisami R. Anti–inflammatory activity of the leaf extacts of Gendarussa vulgaris Nees. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011, 1(2): 147-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60014-2
Sham T.T., Yuen A.C., Ng Y.F., Chan C.O., Mok D.K., Chan S.W. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Raphani Semen. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 2013(1): 636194. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/636194
Siddiq A., Younus I. The radish Raphanus sativus L. Var. caudatus reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice. Metabolic Brain Disease, 2018, 33(8): 1255-1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0240-4
Singh D., Kumar A. Assessment of toxic interaction of nano zinc oxide and nano copper oxide on germination of Raphanus sativus seeds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019, 191(11): 703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7902-5
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. In: Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Africa (Second Edition) (UNESCO - Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Ed.). Spectrum Books Limited. 1993, рр. 97-145.
Surana A.R., Kumbhare M.R., Gunjal A.R., Goswami S.S., Ghuge D.M. Chemical characterization, thrombolytic and antioxidant activity of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves. Natural Product Research, 2022, 36(23): 6106-6110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2022.2051705
Thenmozhi V., Elango V., Sadique J. Anti-inflammatory activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Ancient Science of Life, 1989, 8(3-4): 258-261.Available at: https://journals.lww.com/asol/abstract/1989/08030/anti_inflamatory_activity_of_some_indian_medicinal.12.aspx
Uddin J., Islam M.N., Ali M.H., Khan S.A., Labu Z.K. Correlation of thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities with total flavonoid content aerial parts of Spondias pinnata. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 2016, 19(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v19i1.29238
Voidarou C., Antoniadou Μ., Rozos G., Tzora A., Skoufos I., Varzakas T., Lagiou A., Bezirtzoglou E. Fermentative foods: microbiology, biochemistry, potential human health benefits and public health issues. Foods, 2021, 10(1): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010069
World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. World Health Organization; 2013.
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How to Cite
RAJAN, Deivanai Palani et al.
Pharmacological properties of Raphanus sativus leaves and development of fermented beverage.
Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-13, mar. 2026.
ISSN 2603-3380.
Available at: <https://www.ijfsab.com/index.php/fsab/article/view/458>. Date accessed: 19 may 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2026.v9.i1.458.