Main Article Content

Param Hemani Sachin Kalidas Sonawane

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are principally responsible for the maximum number of mortalities, with 17.5 million deaths worldwide. This review summarizes the current evidence and concisely presents the relationship between bioactive nutrients and their positive impact on preventing cardiovascular diseases. Meals rich in dietary fiber have proven to significantly reduce serum cholesterol levels by 15-19% and reduce blood pressure and hypertension. Coenzyme Q10 is a cardioprotective ingredient that improves endothelial function and positively affects the lipid profile. An average intake of 2g/day of phytosterol can lower the low-density lipoprotein by 8-10%. Omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduce by 15% the likelihood that a person will die from cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that a lack of vitamin C increases the risk of cardiovascular disease-related fatalities. Vitamin C slightly enhances lipid profiles and endothelial function. Several oxidation reactions that can result in cardiovascular diseases can be stopped by vitamin E, which can scavenge free lipid radicals. Carotenoids reduce oxidative damage and the emergence of diseases linked to oxidation by neutralizing the toxicity of free radicals.

Article Details

References

Albert C.M., Campos H., Stampfer M.J. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2002, 346(15): 1113-1118. Available at: https://assets.speakcdn.com/Assets/2606/0e203267199fullpaper2002nejmomega-3-fatty-acids-and-risk-of-sudden-death.pdf

Alissa, E.M. and Ferns, G.A. Potential Cardioprotective Effects of Functional Foods. In: Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements: Processing Effects and Health Benefits (A. Noomhorm I. Ahmad, A.K. Anal Eds.). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 2014, рр. 463-487. Print ISBN: 978-1-118-22787-9.

Anderson J.W. Dietary fiber, lipids and atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiology, 1987,60(12): G17- G22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90587-X

Anderson J., Baird P., Davis R., Stefanie F., Knudtson M., Koraym A., Waters, Christine L. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutrition Reviews, 2009, 67(4): 188-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x

Asbaghi O., Nazarian B., Naeini F., Kaviani M., Moradi S., Askari G., Ashtary-Larky D. Lycopene supplementation and blood pressure: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2022, 31(2): 100521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100521

Bae M., Kim H. The role of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in immune system against COVID-19. Molecules, 2020, 25(22): 5346. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225346

Bauer S.R., Kapoor A., Rath M., Thomas S.A. What is the role of supplementation with ascorbic acid, zinc, vitamin D, or N-acetylcysteine for prevention or treatment of COVID-19? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2020, 91(8): 046. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc046

Belardinelli R., Tiano L., Littarru G.P. Oxidative stress, endothelial function and coenzyme Q10. BioFactors, 2008, 32(1-4): 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520320115

Bhatt T., Patel K. Carotenoids: potent to prevent diseases review. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 2020, 10(3): 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00244-2

Brandhorst S., Longo VD. Dietary restrictions and nutrition in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Circulation Research, 2019, 124(6): 952-965. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313352

Brown D.A., Aon M.A., Frasier C.R., Sloan R.C., Maloney A.H., Anderson E.J., O'Rourke B. Cardiac arrhythmias induced by glutathione oxidation can be inhibited by preventing mitochondrial depolarization Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2010, 48(4): 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.11.011

Cabral C.E., Klein M.R.S.T. Phytosterols in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 2017, 109(5): 475-482. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170158

Câmara J.S., Albuquerque B.R., Aguiar J., Corrêa R.C.G., Gonçalves J.L., Granato D., Pereira J.A.M., Barros L., Ferreira I.C.F.R. Food bioactive compounds and emerging techniques for their extraction: polyphenols as a case study. Foods, 2020, 10(1): 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010037

Crane F.L., Hatefi Y., Lester R.L., Widmer C. Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1957, 25(1): 220-221.

Carr A.C., Rowe S. The emerging role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients, 2020, 12(11): 3286. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113286

Ceriello A., Novials A., Ortega E., Canivell S., La Sala L., Pujadas G., Bucciarelli L., Rondinelli M., Genovese S. Vitamin C further improves the protective effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on acute hypoglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(12): 4104-4108. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0750

Chaddha A., Eagle K.A. Omega-3 fatty acids and heart health. Circulation, 2015, 132(22): e350-e352. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.015176

Cheng H.M., Koutsidis G., Lodge J.K., Ashor A.W., Siervo M., Lara J. Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2019, 59(1): 141-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1362630

Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland (2022). Cardiovascular disease. Available at: https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/heart-and-blood-vessels/conditions/cardiovascular-disease#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20disease%20(CVD)%20is%20a,artery%20hardening%20and%20narrowing%20(atherosclerosis)

Chew G.T., Watts G.F. Coenzyme Q10 and diabetic endotheliopathy: oxidative stress and the ‘recoupling hypothesis’, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2004, 97(8): 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch089

Chrzan J. (2019) The Global Market for Nutraceuticals Set for Robust Growth. Healthcare Packaging Available at: https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/markets/neutraceuticals-functional/article/13296428/the-global-market-for-nutraceuticals-set-for-robust-growth

Cleveland Clinic (2022a). Hypercholesterolemia. Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23921-hypercholesterolemia#:~:text=What%20is%20hypercholesterolemia%3F,of%20heart%20attack%20and%20stroke

Cleveland Clinic (2022b). Phytosterols. Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17368-phytosterols-sterols--stanols

Crane F.L., Hatefi Y., Lester R.L., Widmer C. Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1957, 25(1): 220-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(57)90457-2

den Besten G., van Eunen K., Groen A.K., Venema K., Reijngoud D.J., Bakker B.M. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. Journal of Lipid Research, 2013, 54(9): 2325-2340. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R036012

Digiesi V., Cantini F., Oradei A., Bisi G., Guarino G.C., Brocchi A., Bellandi F., Mancini M., Littarru G.P. Conenzyme Q10 in essential hypertension. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 1994, 15(1): s257-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-2997(94)90036-1

Evans CEL. Dietary fibre and cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence and policy. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020, 79(1): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665119000673

Fassett R.G., Coombes J.S. Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Marine Drugs, 2011, 9(3): 447-465. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9030447

Festenstein G.N., Heaton F.W., Lowe J.S., Morton R.A. A constituent of the unsaponifiable portion of animal tissue lipids (λmax. 272mμ.). Biochemistry Journal, 1955, 59(4): 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0590558

Fu Z., Lu Y.-C., Lai J.J. Recent advances in biosensors for nucleic acid and exosome detection. Chonnam Medical Journal, 2019, 55(2): 86-98. https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2019.55.2.86

Gammone M.A., Riccioni G., D'Orazio N. Carotenoids: potential allies of cardiovascular health? Food and Nutrition Research, 2015, 59(2): 26762. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.26762

Gammone M.A., Riccioni G., Parrinello G., D'Orazio N. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: benefits and endpoints in sport. Nutrients, 2018, 11(1): 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010046

Generalic E. Omega-3 fatty acids. Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary and Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. 26 June 2023. Available at: https://glossary.periodni.com

Gillani S.W., Sulaiman S.A.S., Abdul M.I.M., Baig M. Combined effect of metformin with ascorbic acid versus acetyl salicylic acid on diabetes-related cardiovascular complication; a 12-month single blind multicenter randomized control trial. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2017, 16(8): 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-017-0584-9

Gutierrez-Mariscal F.M., de la Cruz-Ares S., Torres-Peña J.D., Alcalá-Diaz J.F., Yubero-Serrano E.M., López-Miranda J. Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(6): 906. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060906

Hamishehkar H., Ranjdoost F., Asgharian P., Mahmoodpoor A., Sanaie S. Vitamins, are they safe? Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2016, 6(4): 467-477. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2016.061

Harvard T.N. Chan School of Public Health. The Nutrition Source. Omega-3 fatty acids: an essential contribution. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/types-of-fat/omega-3-fats/

Innes J., Calder P. Marine omega-3 (N-3) fatty acids for cardiovascular health: An update for 2020. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, 21(4): 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041362

Jacob R.A., Sotoudeh G. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutrition in Clinical Care: An Official Publication of Tufts University, 2002, 5(2): 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5408.2002.00005.x

Jain A.P., Aggarwal K.K., Zhang P.Y. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2015, 19(3): 441-445. Available at: https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/441-445.pdf

Kasahara K., Tanoue T., Yamashita T., Yodoi K., Matsumoto T., Emoto T., Mizoguchi T., Hayashi T., Kitano N., Sasaki N., Atarashi K., Honda K., Hirata K.I. Commensal bacteria at the crossroad between cholesterol homeostasis and chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis. Journal оf Lipid Research, 2017, 58(3): 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M072165

Keepers B., Liu J., Qian L. What's in a cardiomyocyte - and how do we make one through reprogramming? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 2020, 1867(3): 118464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.011

Kris-Etherton P.M., Harris W.S., Appel L.J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 2002, 106(21): 274757. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94

Lemaitre R.N., Irena B.K., Mozaffarian D., Lewis H.K., Russell P.T., Siscovick S.D. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003, 77(2): 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.2.319

Ludovici V., Barthelmes J., Nägele M.P., Enseleit F. Ferri C., Flammer A.J., Ruschitzka F., Sudano I. Cocoa, blood pressure, and vascular function. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2017, 4(8): 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00036

Makhmudova U., Schulze P.C., Lütjohann D., Weingärtner O. Phytosterols and cardiovascular disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 2021, 23(11): 68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00964-x

Marchioli R. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico). Lancet, 354(9177): 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07072-5

McAnally J.A., Gupta J., Sodhani S., Bravo L., Mo H. Tocotrienols potentiate lovastatin-mediated growth suppression in vitro and in vivo. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2007, 232(4): 523-531. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-232-2320523

McCleary B.V. Enzyme purity and activity in fibre determinations. Cereal Foods, 1999, 44(8): 590-596. Available at: https://prod-media.megazyme.com/media/pdf/6e/97/18/enzyme-purity-and-activity-in-fibre-determinations.pdf

Mohebi-Nejad A., Bikdeli B. Omega-3 supplements and cardiovascular diseases. Tanaffos, 2014, 13(1): 6-14. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153275/pdf/Tanaffos-13-006.pdf

Montel-Hagen A., Kinet S., Manel N., Mongellaz C., Prohaska R., Battini J.L., Delaunay J., Sitbon M., Taylor N. Erythrocyte Glut1 triggers dehydroascorbic acid uptake in mammals unable to synthesize vitamin C. Cell, 2008, 132(6): 1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.042

Morelli M.B., Gambardella J., Castellanos V., Trimarco V., Santulli G. Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: an update. Antioxidants, 2020, 9(12): 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121227

Moser M.A., Chun O.K. Vitamin C and heart health: a review based on findings from epidemiologic studies. International Journal оf Molecular Sciences, 2016, 17(8): 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081328

National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements (2021). Vitamin C. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/

National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements (2023). Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/

Ohira H., Tsutsui W., Fujioka Y. Are short chain fatty acids in gut microbiota defensive players for inflammation and atherosclerosis? Journal оf Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2017, 24(7): 660-672. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.RV17006

Olvera Lopez E., Ballard B.D., Jan A. Cardiovascular Disease. [Updated August 22, 2023]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

Pai S., Hebbar A., Selvaraj S. A critical look at challenges and future scopes of bioactive compounds and their incorporations in the food, energy, and pharmaceutical sector. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, 29(3): 35518-35541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19423-4

Poli A., Marangoni F., Corsini A., Manzato E., Marrocco W., Martini D., Medea G., Visioli F. Phytosterols, cholesterol control, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 2021, 13(8): 2810. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082810

Raizner A.E. Coenzyme Q10. Methodist Debakey Cardiovascular Journal, 2019, 15(3): 185-191. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-15-3-185

Ras R.T., van der Schouw Y.T., Trautwein E.A., Sioen I., Dalmeijer G.W., Zock P.L., Beulens J.W. Intake of phytosterols from natural sources and risk of cardiovascular disease in the European prospective. Investigation into cancer and nutrition-the Netherlands (EPIC-NL) population. European Journal оf Preventive Cardiology, 2015, 22(8): 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314554864

Reynolds A.N., Akerman A., Kumar S., Diep Pham H., Coffey S., Mann J. Dietary fibre in hypertension and cardiovascular disease management: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Medicine, 2022, 20(4): 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02328-x

Ricciarelli R., Maroni P., Ozer N., Zingg J.M., Azzi A. Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by alpha-tocopherol via protein kinase C inhibition. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1999, 27(7-8): 729-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00007-6

Rizvi S., Raza S.T., Ahmed F., Ahmad A., Abbas S., Mahdi F. The role of vitamin E in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 2014, 14(2): e157-e165. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997530/

Rychter A.M., Hryhorowicz S., Słomski R., Dobrowolska A., Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Antioxidant effects of vitamin E and risk of cardiovascular disease in women with obesity - A narrative review. Clinical Nutrition, 2022, 41(7): 1557-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.04.032

Sabbatinelli J., Orlando P., Galeazzi R., Silvestri S., Cirilli I., Marcheggiani F., Dludla P.V., Giuliani A., Bonfigli A.R., Mazzanti L., Olivieri F., Antonicelli R., Tiano L. Ubiquinol ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in subjects with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 2020, 12(4): 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041098

Saini R.K., Nile S.H., Park S.W. Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities. Food Research International, 2015, 76(3): 735-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.047

Saini R.K., Prasad P., Lokesh V., Shang X., Shin J., Keum Y.S., Lee J.H. Carotenoids: dietary sources, extraction, encapsulation, bioavailability, and health benefits-a review of recent advancements. Antioxidants, 2022, 11(4): 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795

Sesso H.D., Buring J.E., Christen W.G., Kurth T., Belanger C., MacFadyen J., Bubes V., Manson J.E., Glynn R.J., Gaziano J.M. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2008, 300(18): 2123-2133. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.600

Shah S., Shiekh Y., Lawrence J.A., Ezekwueme F., Alam M., Kunwar S., Gordon D.K. A systematic review of effects of Vitamin E on the cardiovascular system. Cureus, 2021, 13(6): e15616. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15616

Shang F.S., Minyi L., Edward D., John R., Allen T. Vitamin C and vitamin E restore the resistance of GSH-depleted lens cells to H2O2, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2003, 34(5): 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01304-7

Shankaranarayanan J., Arunkanth K., Dinesh K.C. Beta carotene-therapeutic potential and strategies to enhance its bioavailability. Nutrition and Food Science, 2018, 7(4): 555716. Available at: https://juniperpublishers.com/nfsij/NFSIJ.MS.ID.555716.php#atype

Shklar G., Oh S.K. Experimental basis for cancer prevention by vitamin E. Cancer Investigation, 2000, 18(3): 214-222. https://doi.org/10.3109/07357900009031826

Singh I., Turner A.H., Sinclair A.J., Li D., Hawley J.A. Effects of gamma-tocopherol supplementation on thrombotic risk factors. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007, 16(3): 422-428. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17704022/

Soliman G.A. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 2019, 11(5): 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051155

Szczepańska E., Białek-Dratwa A., Janota B., Kowalski O. Dietary therapy in prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) - Tradition or modernity? A review of the latest approaches to nutrition in CVD. Nutrients, 2022, 14(13): 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132649

Vardi M., Levy N.S., Levy A.P. Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the importance of proper patient selection. Journal of Lipid Research, 2013, 54(9): 2307-2314. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R026641

Wall R., Ross R.P., Fitzgerald G.F, Stanton C., Fatty acids from fish: The anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Nutrition Reviews, 2010, 68(5): 280-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00287.x

Waly M.I., Al-Attabi Z., Guizani N. Low nourishment of vitamin C induces glutathione depletion and oxidative stress in healthy young adults. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 2015, 20(3): 198-203. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2015.20.3.198

Wang Y., Russo T.A., Kwon O., Chanock S., Rumsey S. C., Levine M. Ascorbate recycling in human neutrophils: induction by bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997, 94(25): 13816-13819. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.13816

Yokoyama M., Origasa H., Matsuzaki M., Matsuzawa Y., Saito Y., Ishikawa Y., Oikawa S., Sasaki J., Hishida H., Itakura H., Kita T., Kitabatake A., Nakaya N., Sakata T., Shimada K., Shirato K. Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet, 2007, 369(9567): 1090-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3

Yuan C., Zhang X., Long X., Jin J., Jin R. Effect of β-sitosterol self-microemulsion and β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acid on lipid-lowering in hyperlipidemic mice. Lipids in Health and Disease and Diseases, 2019, 18(1): 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1096-2

How to Cite
HEMANI, Param; SONAWANE, Sachin Kalidas. Recent insights on bioactive nutrients to prevent cardiovascular disease. Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 318-332, oct. 2024. ISSN 2603-3380. Available at: <https://www.ijfsab.com/index.php/fsab/article/view/296>. Date accessed: 10 nov. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2024.v7.i2.296.